Anatomy and Physiology
This section contains questions on the systems of the body that were
covered in the Anatomy and Physiology courses I followed during my
studies in massage, MLD and nutrition. You can use this material as you
like, but please give me credit and please read my
disclaimer before you do so. Please also
note that this remains a work in progress.
These are the questions (with bullets). Please click on the title to read the answers.
Define anatomy and physiology
Name the different levels of structural organisation of the body and briefly explain their relationship.
Locate and name the major body cavities and list the major organs situated within them.
Use correct terminology to describe body directions (superior, lateral etc).
Define homeostasis and explain its importance.
Name the organelles/structures in a typical cell and list their functions
Describe the process of mitosis
Explain the structure and function of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue
List the major tissues involved in each body system and describe their function
Give a definition and a list of functions of the skeletal system
Draw and label a typical long bone.
Name and identify all bones in the body
State the function of bone markings.
Give a classification system for joints and give examples for each class of joint.
List the subdivisions of synovial joints and give examples.
Draw and label a typical synovial joint
List the limiting factors to movement
Demonstrate the normal ranges of movement at major joints and name those movements
Briefly describe three common disorders/diseases of the skeletal system
Explain the difference between a simple, compound and complicated fracture
Describe the vertebral column and its normal curvature
Describe the abnormal curvatures of the spine that can occur?
Give a definition of and state the functions of the integumentary system
Name the two principle parts of the skin and describe the organization of the outer layer
Draw a diagram to show the structure of the skin including the subcutaneous layer
List the functions of all the structures contained within the dermis
Briefly explain eczema, psoriasis, acne, basal and squamous cell carcinoma.
Give a definition of the muscular system and state its principal functions
List the characteristics of muscle tissue
With the help of a diagram, explain the difference between different types of muscle tissue. State where the various types are found.
Explain briefly the structure of a skeletal muscle
Define the terms prime mover (agonist) and antagonist
Differentiate and demonstrate the different types of muscular contraction.
Describe briefly two disorders or diseases of muscle tissue
Draw the muscles of the back, state their actions and their origins and insertions
Draw the muscles of the front of the body, state their actions and their origins and insertions
Draw the muscles of the front and back of the legs and arms. State the action of each muscle and the origin and insertion
Briefly describe muscle fatigue
Describe the difference between a sprain and a strain
Give a definition of the cardiovascular system and states its functions
List the contents of blood
State the function of the different types of blood cells
Draw a schematic diagram of the heart indicating the direction of blood flow
Draw diagrams to show the major arteries and veins of the body
Explain the structural differences between arteries, veins and capillaries
Explain how blood is circulated around the body
Explain the term `blood pressure'
Describe the mechanism of blood clotting
Briefly describe the ABO and rhesus blood groups
Briefly explain hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, athersclerosis, heart attack (myocardial infarction) anaemia, varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis
Give a definition and state the function of the nervous system
Explain the structural organization of the nervous system.
Draw a typical neurone. Indicate the function of each part of the cell.
Explain the difference between sensory and motor nerves
Identify the structures and mechanisms which protect the brain and spinal cord from trauma
Draw a diagram indicating the major nerves of the body
Draw and label a diagram of the brain - indicating the main areas
List the functions of the main areas of the brain
Draw a diagram of the Central Nervous System. Include the meninges
Describe a simple reflex arc
List the Cranial nerves and their functions
Briefly explain cerebral vascular accident (stroke), epilepsy,
Give a definition of the endocrine system
State the function of the endocrine system
What is a hormone and what function does it have?
Explain the difference between hormonal, humoral and nervous control of secretion of hormones and give examples of each.
Explain the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland
List and locate the endocrine glands of the body, stating the hormones they secrete and giving the action of these hormones
Briefly explain the effects of hypo and hyper secretion of each hormone
Give a definition and state the functions of the digestive system
Briefly explain the processes of ingestion, peristalsis, digestion, absorption and excretion
Draw a diagram of the digestive system and its associated organs
List the functions of the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver and gall bladder
Describe the passage of food through the digestion system - stating what happens at each stage and how this is achieved
Explain the concept of a well balanced diet
Briefly explain appendicitis, gall stones and bowel cancer
Give a definition and state the functions of the respiratory system
List the organs of the respiratory system and their respective functions
Draw and label a diagram of the respiratory system
Explain diffusion of gases
Explain the process of ventilation
Describe internal and external respiration
Briefly explain pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and tuberculosis of the respiratory system, pleurisy, asthma, hay fever
Give a definition of the lymphatic system
List the functions of the lymphatic system
Explain the difference between extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, intercellular fluid and lymph.
Briefly explain osmosis
Describe the flow and drainage of lymph
What is the specific connection between the cardiovascular and lymphatic system
Draw a diagram to show the major collection of lymph nodes in the body
Briefly explain oedema, lymphangitis, lymphoma
The Immune System
List the functions of the immune system
List the body's immune defences to infection
Explain the difference between non-specific and specific, and active and passive immunity
State the function of phagocytes, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
Explain the process of acute inflammation
Define immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, HIV infection
The Urinary System
Give a definition of the urinary system
List the functions of the urinary system
Draw and clearly label a diagram of the gross anatomy of the kidney
Draw and clearly label a diagram of a nephron
Describe the formation of urine
Describe the composition of urine
Explain the passage of urine from the collecting tubules to the bladder
Briefly explain cystitis, kidney stones, nephritis, pyelonephritis
The Reproductive System
Give a definition of the reproductive system and state its functions
List the organs/structures which make up the female reproductive tract and state their functions
List the structures which make up the male reproductive tract and state their functions
Describe the menstrual cycle
Briefly explain ectopic pregnancy, dysmenorrhoea
General
Explain how each system interacts with/ relies on all the others
Describe how `stress' may effect each body system
Outline the effect massage has on each of the body systems
Describe the difference between a bacterium, virus and fungus. Give an example of an infection that each is capable of causing
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